Lesson 7 · Book page 37
The Present Tense Verb in the State of Jazm [جَزْم]
The five particles of jazm, the sukūn, and لَمْ "did not".
1.The five particles of jazm
إِنْ، لَمْ، لَمَّا، لِـ (lām of command) and لَا (lām of prohibition) put the present tense verb into jazm.
2.How jazm is shown
A final ḍammah becomes a sukūn (يَفْعَلُ → يَفْعَلْ). A final nūn is dropped (يَفْعَلُونَ → يَفْعَلُوا).
3.Stateless forms stay the same
يَفْعَلْنَ and تَفْعَلْنَ are unchanged. Their nūn stays.
4.The model لَمْ
لَمْ turns the present into the past and negates it: لَمْ يَفْعَلْ means "he did not do".
5.Two kinds of لَا
The لَا of jazm is the lām of prohibition. It differs from the لَا that simply negates the present tense.
The Present Tense Verb in the State of Jazm
Table 7.2, page 40
| Subject | Active Voice in Jazm | Passive Voice in Jazm |
|---|---|---|
| He/It (S/M) هُوَ | لَمْ يَفْعَلْ He/It (S/M) did not do | لَمْ يُفْعَلْ He/It (S/M) was not done |
| They (D/M) هُمَا | لَمْ يَفْعَلَا They (D/M) did not do | لَمْ يُفْعَلَا They (D/M) were not done |
| They (P/M) هُمْ | لَمْ يَفْعَلُوا They (P/M) did not do | لَمْ يُفْعَلُوا They (P/M) were not done |
| She/It (S/F) هِيَ | لَمْ تَفْعَلْ She/It (S/F) did not do | لَمْ تُفْعَلْ She/It (S/F) was not done |
| They (D/F) هُمَا | لَمْ تَفْعَلَا They (D/F) did not do | لَمْ تُفْعَلَا They (D/F) were not done |
| They (P/F) هُنَّ | لَمْ يَفْعَلْنَ They (P/F) did not do | لَمْ يُفْعَلْنَ They (P/F) were not done |
| You (S/M) أَنْتَ | لَمْ تَفْعَلْ You (S/M) did not do | لَمْ تُفْعَلْ You (S/M) were not done |
| You (D/M) أَنْتُمَا | لَمْ تَفْعَلَا You (D/M) did not do | لَمْ تُفْعَلَا You (D/M) were not done |
| You (P/M) أَنْتُمْ | لَمْ تَفْعَلُوا You (P/M) did not do | لَمْ تُفْعَلُوا You (P/M) were not done |
| You (S/F) أَنْتِ | لَمْ تَفْعَلِي You (S/F) did not do | لَمْ تُفْعَلِي You (S/F) were not done |
| You (D/F) أَنْتُمَا | لَمْ تَفْعَلَا You (D/F) did not do | لَمْ تُفْعَلَا You (D/F) were not done |
| You (P/F) أَنْتُنَّ | لَمْ تَفْعَلْنَ You (P/F) did not do | لَمْ تُفْعَلْنَ You (P/F) were not done |
| I أَنَا | لَمْ أَفْعَلْ I did not do | لَمْ أُفْعَلْ I was not done |
| We نَحْنُ | لَمْ نَفْعَلْ We did not do | لَمْ نُفْعَلْ We were not done |